Horse jumping or equestrian: discipline and techniques

Show jumping, also known as show jumping, is a sporting discipline that involves riders and horses overcoming a series of obstacles on a given course. It is one of the most exciting and spectacular disciplines in the equestrian world.

This discipline originated from the need for riders to demonstrate their horses' ability and skill in overcoming natural obstacles while hunting on horseback. Over time, it evolved as an independent sport, becoming an exciting and technical competition.

The main objective of equestrian show jumping is to complete the course without knocking down obstacles and in the shortest possible time. The riders must show perfect harmony with their horses, who must also demonstrate agility, strength and precision in the jumps.

What type of horse or breed is used?

Different breeds are used in show jumping, depending on athletic ability and aptitude for jumping. There is no specific breed required for this discipline, but there are some that are the most common and stand out for their abilities and physical characteristics.

The most popular breeds in show jumping are warmbloods:

• Holsteiner horse
• Hanoverian Horse
• French Chair
• KWPN (Dutch Sport Horse)
• Purebred Spanish Horse (PRE)

These breeds are known for their energy, agility, strength and good temperament, making them excellent partners for riders in show jumping.

We can find horses of other breeds such as Irish Sport Horses (ID), Danish Sport Horses (DWB), Belgian Sport Horses (BWP) and Swedish Sport Horses (SWB), among others. These breeds are usually selected and bred specifically for show jumping, and each has its own characteristics and qualities.

What is the maximum height a horse can jump?

The maximum height a horse can jump in equestrian show jumping can vary and depends on several factors, the horse's ability and training, its physical strength and its experience in the discipline.

In high-level competitions, such as the Olympic Games or international championships, obstacles exceeding 1.60 metres in height can be encountered. These heights are considered challenging and require horses with great athletic potential and exceptional technical skills.

However, it is important to keep in mind that not all horses are prepared or have the need to jump such high heights. In lower level competitions or in beginners' classes, the hurdle heights are usually lower, generally between 0.90 and 1.20 metres.

Furthermore, it is important to note that, regardless of the maximum height a horse can jump, the main focus in show jumping is on technique, precision and fluidity in the course, rather than simply jumping impressive heights.

What are the basic elements of a jumping hurdle?

The jumping hurdles in this sport consist of several basic elements.

Posts: These are horizontal elements that are placed on adjustable supports called "cavalettis". The poles are used to define the height and width of the obstacle. Generally, wooden or plastic poles are used, and they can be adjusted in height according to the level of difficulty required.

Supports: Supports are structures that support the posts and allow them to be adjusted in height. They can be "X" or "V" shaped and provide stability to the obstacle.

Rails: These are the elements that rest on the supports to hold the poles in place. These rails can be placed at different heights to vary the difficulty of the jump.

Bases: Bases are the elements that hold the supports in position. They can be bars or blocks that provide stability and security to the obstacle.

Decorative elements: In some cases, jumping hurdles may include decorative elements, such as flowers, bushes, flags or advertising boards. These elements do not affect the basic structure of the obstacle, but add aesthetics and colour to the course.

Jumping obstacles can vary in design and appearance depending on the competition or event. The combination of poles, supports, rails and decorative elements creates a series of challenges for the rider and horse, who must negotiate them with precision, balance and coordination.

Are there different levels of difficulty in horse jumping?

Indeed, as we mentioned in the section on heights, there are different levels of difficulty in show jumping. These levels are used in competitions and events to classify and group participants according to their level of skill and experience.

The most common levels are:

Beginner level: This level is for riders and horses who are just starting out in show jumping. The obstacles are usually low and simple, generally in the height range of 0.60 to 0.90 metres. The focus is on introducing the basic concepts of jumping and developing confidence and fundamental skills.

Intermediate level: The obstacles become more challenging and the height increases. Riders and horses must demonstrate greater precision and technique in their jumps. Typical obstacle heights at this level can vary from 0.90 to 1.10 metres.

Advanced or elite level: This is the highest level of competition. The obstacles reach considerable heights, exceeding 1.20 metres and even reaching 1.60 metres in elite competitions. A high level of technical skill and experience is required from both rider and horse. At this level, more complex and challenging courses are presented, requiring greater speed, agility and precision.

In addition to these basic levels of show jumping, there are also different categories of competitions depending on the experience and age of the riders, such as youth categories, adult categories or categories based on the competitive career of the rider-horse pairs.

What skills are necessary to practice show jumping?

To practice jumping on horseback, several skills are required from both the rider and the horse:

Balance and posture

The rider must have good balance and correct posture in the saddle to remain stable during jumps. This implies good body alignment, with an upright position, flexible legs and a relaxed but firm posture.

Good balance technique and proper posture allow the rider to remain stable and in harmony with the horse during jumps, which is essential for a successful and safe performance.

Jumping technique

Jumping technique in equestrian show jumping refers to the way the rider and horse approach, jump and land over obstacles. Good jumping technique is essential to overcome obstacles safely, efficiently and successfully.

The rider must master the proper jumping technique, which includes body position during the jump, handling of the reins and leg aids to communicate with the horse and maintain harmony in the air and in reception.

Coordination and synchronisation

Rider and horse must work together as a coordinated team. The ability to anticipate and respond to the horse's movements is essential for a successful jump. This requires clear communication and synchronisation in rhythm and action between rider and horse.

Courage and confidence

The discipline of show jumping involves overcoming challenging obstacles, which requires courage and confidence on the part of both rider and horse. The rider must be able to face the jumps with determination and overcome any fears or doubts that may arise.

Control and management of the horse

The rider must have good control and handling of the horse, both on the ground and during the jump. This includes the ability to maintain an appropriate speed, adjust the length of the stride and make quick and accurate decisions during the course. The rider must have adequate control over the speed and rhythm of the horse during the course.

Also essential is the ability to correctly assess the distances between obstacles and adjust the horse's speed and stride length accordingly. During the course, the rider must make quick and accurate decisions about the line to follow, the necessary adjustments and jumping options.

Technical expertise

It is important that the rider has a good technical knowledge of equestrian jumping, including an understanding of the different types of obstacles and the correct application of training aids and techniques. It is important to be familiar with the different types of obstacles encountered as these can include fences, walls, barrels, logs, steps, among others.

Technical knowledge also involves applying appropriate training strategies for jumping on horseback. This may include developing the horse's strength and endurance, practising specific jumping exercises, planning training routes and adapting the training routine to the individual needs of the horse and rider.

What is the appropriate attire?

Proper dress for show jumping is important for both safety and traditional reasons:

1. Helmet: The use of a certified helmet is essential for the safety of the rider. The helmet must meet established safety standards and fit the rider's head correctly. It is recommended that the helmet be worn at all times while riding, including during jumping.
2. Jacket: The jacket used in equestrian show jumping is typically close-fitting and made of durable, breathable materials. Traditional colours include black, navy blue and dark green. Some competitions allow more colourful jackets for younger riders.
3. Shirt: A long-sleeved or short-sleeved shirt, usually white or light-coloured, is worn. It is recommended that it is made of a breathable and comfortable material.
4. Tie or scarf: To complete the formal attire, a silk tie or scarf is worn around the neck. Generally, these accessories follow a more conservative colour palette, such as white or understated tones.
5. Breeches: The breeches used in horse jumping are known as jodhpurs or breeches. These breeches are tight-fitting, usually beige or white, and are designed to provide comfort and freedom of movement for the rider. They can be made of elastic and resistant materials.
6. Boots: Riding boots are essential in show jumping. These boots are usually knee-high and are designed to provide support and protection for the rider's legs and feet. Boots may be made of leather or synthetic materials and must fit properly to ensure comfort and safety.
7. Gloves: The use of riding gloves is recommended to protect the hands and improve the grip on the reins. Gloves may be made of leather or synthetic materials and should fit properly to allow proper handling of the reins.

It is important to consult the specific rules and regulations for each competition or event, as there may be additional requirements or variations in clothing depending on the level of competition and local rules.

It is also advisable to use additional safety equipment, such as back protectors and body protectors, especially during higher jumps or in higher level competitions.